Ack M, Miller I, Weil WB Jr. Intelligence of children with diabetes mellitus. Pediatrics 1961; 28: 764-70. As cited in: Wilkinson DG. Psychiatric aspects of diabetes mellitus. Br J Psychiatry 1981; 138: 1-9.

Alexopoulos GS, Streim J, Docherty JP. Using antipsychotic agents in older patients. J Clin Psychiatry 2004;65(Suppl 2): 5-99.

Allison B. Grigsby, Ryan J. Anderson, Kenneth E. Freedland, Ray E. Clouse, Patrick J. Lustman. Prevalence of anxiety in adults with diabetes: A systematic review. J Psychosom Res 2002; 53: 1053– 1060.

American Diabetes Association. Clinical practice recommendations in diabetes, 2004. Diabetes Care 2004; 27: S1-148.

Anderson RJ, Freedland KE, Clouse RE, Lustman PJ. The prevalence of comorbid depression in adults with diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care 2001; 24(6): 1069-78.

Saran AS. Antidiabetic effects of lithium. J Clin Psychiatry 1982; 43(9): 383-384.

Averbuch-Heller L, Ben-Hur T, Reches A. Valproate encephalopathy and hypocarnitinaemia in diabetic patients. J Neurol 1994; 241(9): 567-9. (Medline abstract) 

Bale RN. Brain damage in diabetes mellitus. Br J Psychiatry 1973; 122(568): 337-41.

Baxter LR, Phelps MC, Mazziotta JC, Schwartz JM, Gerner RH, Selin CE. Cerebral metabolic rates for glucose in mood disorders studied with positron emission tomography (PET) and (F-18)-fluro-2-deoxyglucose (FDG). Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985; 42: 441–447.

Baxter LR, Schwartz JM, Phelps ME, Mazziotta JC, Guze BH, Selin CE. Reduction of prefrontal cortex glucose metabolism common to three types of depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989; 46: 243–250.

Berlin I, Bisserbe JC, Eiber R, Balssa N, Sachon C, Bosquet F, Grimaldi A. Phobic symptoms, particularly the fear of blood and injury, are associated with poor glycemic control in type I diabetic adults. Diabetes Care 1997; 20(2): 176-8.

Bienvenu OJ, Eaton WW. The epidemiology of blood-injection-injury phobia. Psychol Med 1998; 28(5): 1129-36.

Cassidy F, Ahearn E, Carroll J. Elevated frequency of diabetes mellitus in hospitalized manic-depressive patients. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156: 1417-1420.

Channon S, Smith VJ, Gregory JW. A pilot study of motivational interviewing in adolescents with diabetes. Arch Dis Child 2003; 88(8): 680-3.(Medline abstract)

Charman D. Burnout and diabetes: reflections from working with educators and patients. J Clin Psychol 2000; 56(5): 607-17.

Chue P, Kovacs CS. Safety and tolerability of atypical antipsychotics in patients with bipolar disorder: prevalence, monitoring and management. Bipolar Disord 2003; 5 (Suppl 2): 62-79.

Ciechanowski PS, Katon WJ, Russo JE. Depression and diabetes: impact of depressive symptoms on adherence, function, and costs. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160(21): 3278-85.

Cobb S, Rose RM. Hypertension, peptic ulcer, and diabetes in air traffic controllers. JAMA 1973 23; 224(4): 489-92.

Czobor P, Volavka J, Sheitman B, Lindenmeyer J-P, Citrome L, McEvoy J, Cooper TB, Chakos M, Lieberman JA: Antipsychotic-induced weight gain and therapeutic response: a differential association. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2002; 22: 244–251.

de Groot M, Anderson R, Freedland KE, Clouse RE, Lustman PJ. Association of depression and diabetes complications: a meta-analysis. Psychosom Med 2001; 63(4): 619-30.

DeVane CL, Markowitz JS. Psychoactive drug interactions with pharmacotherapy for diabetes. Psychopharmacol Bull 2002; 36(2): 40-52.

Didjurgeit U, Kruse J, Schmitz N, Stuckenschneider P, Sawicki PT. A time-limited, problem-orientated psychotherapeutic intervention in Type 1 diabetic patients with complications: a randomized controlled trial. Diabet Med 2002; 19(10): 814-21.

Dixon L, Weiden P, Delahanty J, Goldberg R, Postrado L, Lucksted A, Lehman A. Prevalence and correlates of diabetes in national schizophrenia samples. Schizophr Bull 2000; 26(4): 903-12.

Dwyer DS, Pinkofsky HB, Liu Y, Bradley RJ. Antipsychotic drugs affect glucose uptake and the expression of glucose transporters in PC12 cells. Prog Neuro Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1999; 23: 69–80. As cited in: Lean ME, Pajonk FG. Patients on atypical antipsychotic drugs: another high-risk group for type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003; 26(5): 1597-605.

Egede LE, Zheng D, Simpson K. Comorbid depression is associated with increased health care use and expenditures in individuals with diabetes. Diabetes Care 2002; 25(3): 464-70.

Eren I, Erdi O, Ozcankaya R. Relationship between blood glucose control and psychiatric disorders in type II diabetic patients. Turk Psikiyatri Derg 2003; 14(3): 184-91. (Medline abstract)

Expert group. ‘Schizophrenia and Diabetes 2003’ Expert Consensus Meeting, Dublin, 3–4 October 2003: consensus summary. Br J Psychiatry 2004; 184: S112-S114.

Fava M.  Weight gain and antidepressants. J Clin Psychiatry 2000; 61(11): 37-41.

Finestone DH, Weiner RD. Effects of ECT on diabetes mellitus. An attempt to account for conflicting data. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1984; 70(4): 321-6. 

Fisher L, Chesla CA, Mullan JT, Skaff MM, Kanter RA. Contributors to depression in Latino and European-American patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2001; 24: 1751–1757.

Gard PR. Angiotensin as a target for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, anxiety and depression. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2004; 8(1): 7-14. (Medline abstract)

Gavard JA, Lustman PJ, Clouse RE. Prevalence of depression in adults with diabetes. An epidemiological evaluation. Diabetes Care. 1993; 16(8): 1167-78.

Gianfrancesco F, White R, Wang RH, Nasrallah HA. Antipsychotic-induced type 2 diabetes: evidence from a large health plan database. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2003; 23(4): 328-35.

Golden SH, Williams JE, Ford DE, Yeh HC, Paton Sanford C, Nieto FJ, Brancati FL. Depressive symptoms and the risk of type 2 diabetes: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. Diabetes Care 2004; 27(2): 429-35.

Goldstein LE, Sporn J, Brown S. New-onset diabetes mellitus and diabetic ketoacidosis associated with olanzapine treatment. Psychosomatics 1999; 40: 438–43.

Goodnick PJ, Henry JH, Buki VM. Treatment of depression in patients with diabetes mellitus. J Clin Psychiatry 1995; 56(4): 128-36.

Goodwin RD, Hoven CW, Spitzer RL. Diabetes and eating disorders in primary care. Int J Eat Disord 2003; 33(1): 85-91. (Medline abstract)

Gould TD, Zarate CA, Manji HK. Glycogen synthase kinase-3: a target for novel bipolar disorder treatments. J Clin Psychiatry 2004; 65:10-21.

Gregg EW, Brown A. Cognitive and physical disabilities and aging-related complications of diabetes. Clinical Diabetes 2003; 21: 113-118.

Grey M, Whittemore R, Tamborlane W. Depression in type 1 diabetes in children: natural history and correlates. J Psychosom Res 2002; 53(4): 907-11.

Grigsby AB, Anderson RJ, Freedland KE, Clouse RE, Lustman PJ. Prevalence of anxiety in adults with diabetes: a systematic review. J Psychosom Res 2002; 53(6): 1053-60.

Hampson SE, Skinner TC, Hart J, Storey L, Gage H, Foxcroft D, Kimber A, Cradock S, McEvilly EA. Behavioral interventions for adolescents with type 1 diabetes: how effective are they? Diabetes Care 2000; 23(9): 1416-22.

Haupt DW, Newcomer JW. Abnormalities in glucose regulation associated with mental illness and treatment. J Psychosom Res 2002; 53: 925– 933.

Hayward C. Psychiatric illness and cardiovascular disease risk. Epidemiol Rev 1995; 17: 129 –138. As cited in: Dixon L, Weiden P, Delahanty J, Goldberg R, Postrado L, Lucksted A, Lehman A. Prevalence and correlates of diabetes in national schizophrenia samples. Schizophr Bull 2000; 26(4): 903-12.

Henderson DC, Cagliero E, Gray C, Nasrallah RA, Hayden DL, Schoenfeld DA, Goff DC. Clozapine, diabetes mellitus, weight gain, and lipid abnormalities: a five-year naturalistic study. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157: 975– 81.

Henderson DC. Atypical antipsychotic-induced diabetes mellitus: how strong is the evidence? CNS Drugs 2002; 16(2): 77-89.

Heninger GR, Mueller PS. Carbohydrate metabolism in mania before and after lithium carbonate treatment. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1970; 23: 310– 9.

Herpertz S, Albus C, Kielmann R, Hagemann-Patt H, Lichtblau K, Kohle K, Mann K, Senf W. Comorbidity of diabetes mellitus and eating disorders: a follow-up study. J Psychosom Res. 2001; 51(5): 673-8.

Hinkle LE Jr, Wolf S. Importance of life stress in course and management of diabetes mellitus. JAMA 1952; 148(7): 513-20.

Hunt NJ. Hypoglycemic effect of lithium. Biol Psychiatry 1987; 22(6): 798-9.

Hurwitz TA, Clark C, Murphy E, Klonoff H, Martin WR, Pate B. Regional cerebral glucose metabolism in major depressive disorder. Can J Psychiatry 1990; 35: 684 –688.

Johnston BB. Diabetes mellitus in patients on lithium (letter). Lancet 1977; 2: 935– 6.

Kato T, Kato N. Mitochondrial dysfunction in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2000; 2: 180-90.

Katon W, Von Korff M, Lin E, Simon G, Walker E, Bush T, Ludman E. Collaborative management to achieve depression treatment guidelines. J Clin Psychiatry 1997; 58(Suppl 1): 20-3.

Kenardy J, Mensch M, Bowen K, Green B, Walton J, Dalton M. Disordered eating behaviours in women with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Eat Behav 2001; 2(2): 183-92. (Medline abstract)

Koller EA, Doraiswamy PM. Olanzapine associated diabetes mellitus. Pharmacotherapy 2002; 22: 841–852. As cited in: Lean ME, Pajonk FG. Patients on atypical antipsychotic drugs: another high-risk group for type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003; 26(5): 1597-605.

Kovacs M, Ho V, Pollock MH. Criterion and predictive validity of the diagnosis of adjustment disorder: a prospective study of youths with new-onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152(4): 523-8.

Kovacs M, Obrosky DS, Goldston D, Drash A. Major depressive disorder in youths with IDDM. A controlled prospective study of course and outcome. Diabetes Care 1997; 20(1): 45-51.

Kraus T, Haack M, Schuld A, Hinze-Selch D, Kuhn M, Uhr M, Pollmacher T. Body weight gain and leptin plasma levels during treatment with antipsychotic drugs. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156: 312–314.

Kruse J, Woller W, Schmitz N, Pollmannn H. Narcissistic regulation and metabolic control in type-II diabetics. Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol 2000; 50(2): 63-71. (Medline abstract)

Lane JD, McCaskill CC, Williams PG, Parekh PI, Feinglos MN, Surwit RS. Personality correlates of glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2000; 23(9):1321-5.

Lean ME, Pajonk FG. Patients on atypical antipsychotic drugs: another high-risk group for type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003; 26(5): 1597-605.

Lilliker S: Prevalence of diabetes in a manic-depressive population. Compr Psychiatry 1980; 21: 270–275.

Lloyd CE, Matthews KA, Wing RR, Orchard TJ. Psychosocial factors and complications of IDDM: The Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study. Diabetes Care 1992; 15: 166 –172.

Lustman PJ, Freedland KE, Griffith LS, Clouse RE. Predicting response to cognitive behavior therapy of depression in type 2 diabetes. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 1998; 20(5): 302-6.

Lustman PJ, Griffith LS, Clouse RE, Cryer PE. Psychiatric illness in diabetes mellitus. Relationship to symptoms and glucose control. J Nerv Ment Dis 1986; 174(12): 736-42.

Lustman PJ, Griffith LS, Clouse RE, Freedland KE, Eisen SA, Rubin EH, Carney RM, McGill JB. Effects of nortriptyline on depression and glycemic control in diabetes: results of a doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial. Psychosom Med 1997; 59: 241–50.

Lustman PJ, Griffith LS, Clouse RE, Freedland KE, Eisen SA, Rubin EH, Carney RM, McGill JB. Effects of alprazolam on glucose regulation in adult diabetic patients: results of a double-blind, placebocontrolled trial. Diabetes Care 1995;18:1133–9.

Lustman PJ, Griffith LS, Clouse RE. Depression in adults with diabetes. Results of 5-yr follow-up study. Diabetes Care1988; 11: 605–612.

Marcus MD, Wing RR, Guare J, Blair EH, Jawad A. Lifetime prevalence of major depression and its effect on treatment outcome in obese type II diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 1992; 15(2): 253-5.

Martinot JL, Hardy P, Feline A, Huret JD, Mazoyer B, Attar-Levy D. Left prefrontal glucose metabolism in the depressed state: A confirmation. Am J Psychiatry 1990; 147: 1313–1317.

Matam P, Kumaraiah V, Munichoodappa C, Kumar KM, Aravind S. Behavioural intervention in the management of compliance in young type-I diabetics. J Assoc Physicians India 2000; 48(10): 967-71.

Mathers CD, Bernard C, Iburg KM, Inoue M, Fat DM, Shibuya K, Stein K, Tomijima N, Xu H. Global burden of disease in 2002: data sources, methods and results. Global programme on evidence for health policy discussion Paper No. 54. World Health Organization, December 2003. http://www.who.int/ Global Burden of Disease/en Accessed on 12.03.2004.

Max MB, Lynch SA, Muir J, Shoaf SE, Smoller B, Dubner R. Effects of desipramine, amitriptyline, and fluoxetine on pain in diabetic neuropathy. N Engl J Med 1992; 326(19): 1250-6.

McElroy SL, Frye MA, Suppes T, Dhavale D, Keck PE Jr, Leverich GS, Altshuler L, Denicoff KD, Nolen WA, Kupka R, Grunze H, Walden J, Post RM. Correlates of overweight and obesity in 644 patients with bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 63(3): 207-13.

McEwen BS, Magarinos AM, Reagan LP. Studies of hormone action in the hippocampal formation: possible relevance to depression and diabetes. J Psychosom Res 2002; 53(4): 883-90.

McIntyre RS, McCann SM, Kennedy SH. Antipsychotic metabolic effects: weight gain, diabetes mellitus, and lipid abnormalities. Can J Psychiatry 2001; 46: 273–281.

Melkersson KI, Hulting AL, Brismar KE. Different influences of classical antipsychotics and clozapine on glucose-insulin homeostasis in patients with schizophrenia or related psychoses. J Clin Psychiatry 1999; 60: 783–791.

Melkersson KI, Hulting AL, Brismar KE. Elevated levels of insulin, leptin, and blood lipids in olanzapine-treated patients with schizophrenia or related psychoses. J Clin Psychiatry 2000; 61: 742–749.

Meltzer LJ, Johnson SB, Prine JM, Banks RA, Desrosiers PM, Silverstein JH. Disordered eating, body mass, and glycemic control in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2001; 24(4): 678-82.

Menninger WC. Psychological factors in the etiology of diabetes mellitus. J Nerv Ment Dis 1935; 81: 1-13. As cited in Wilkinson DG. Psychiatric aspects of diabetes mellitus. Br J Psychiatry 1981; 138: 1-9.

Meyer JM: Effects of atypical antipsychotics on weight gain and serum lipid levels. J Clin Psychiatry 2001; 62: 27–34.

Miller GE, Stetler CA, Carney RM, Freedland KE, Banks WA. Clinical depression and inflammatory risk markers for coronary heart disease. Am J Cardiol 2002; 90: 1279 –1283.

Mukherjee S, Decina P, Bocola V, Saraceni F, Scapicchio PL. Diabetes mellitus in schizophrenic patients. Compr Psychiatry 1996; 37(1): 68-73.

Musselman DL, Betan E, Larsen H, Phillips LS. Relationship of depression to diabetes types 1 and 2: epidemiology, biology, and treatment. Biol Psychiatry 2003; 54(3): 317-29.

Musselman DL, Miller AH, Porter MR, Manatunga A, Gao F, Penna S. Higher than normal plasma interleukin-6 concentrations in cancer patients with depression. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158: 1252–1257.

Netzel PJ, Mueller PS, Rummans TA, Rasmussen KG, Pankratz VS, Lohse CM. Safety, efficacy, and effects on glycemic control of electroconvulsive therapy in insulin-requiring type 2 diabetic patients. J ECT 2002; 18(1): 16-21. 

Newman JC, Holden RJ. The 'cerebral diabetes' paradigm for unipolar depression. Med Hypotheses. 1993; 41(5): 391-408.

Nielsen S, Emborg C, Molbak AG. Mortality in concurrent type 1 diabetes and anorexia nervosa. Diabetes Care 2002; 25(2): 309-12.

Nizamie SH, Jagadheesan K, Agarwal SK, Dhingra M, Narayan KTPD, Sharma G. Physical illnesses in psychiatric inpatients: A cross-sectional, hospital-based study. The international study group of physical illness in mental patients, 2002 (unpublished data).

Nurnberg HG, Seidman SN, Gelenberg AJ, Fava M, Rosen R, Shabsigh R. Depression, antidepressant therapies, and erectile dysfunction: clinical trials of sildenafil citrate in treated and untreated patients with depression.  Urology 2002; 60: 58-66.

Okamura F, Tashiro A, Utumi A, Imai T, Suchi T, Tamura D, Sato Y, Suzuki S, Hongo M. Insulin resistance in patients with depression and its changes during the clinical course of depression: minimal model analysis. Metabolism 2000; 49(10): 1255-60.

O'Kane M, Wiles PG, Wales JK. Fluoxetine in the treatment of obese type 2 diabetic patients. Diabet Med 1994; 11(1): 105-10.

Pawel BR, Kaye WA, Khan MY, Fergusen BD, Federman M, Crosson AW. Aggravation of diabetic nephropathy by lithium: a case report and review of the literature. J Clin Psychiatry 1989; 50(3): 101-3.

Peyrot M, Rubin RR. Levels and risks of depression and anxiety symptomatology among diabetic adults. Diabetes Care 1997; 20(4): 585-90.

Popkin MK, Callies AL, Colon EA, Stiebel V. Adjustment disorders in medically ill inpatients referred for consultation in a university hospital. Psychosomatics 1990; 31: 410-414.

Popkin MK, Callies AL, Lentz RD, Colon EA, Sutherland DE. Prevalence of major depression, simple phobia, and other psychiatric disorders in patients with long-standing type I diabetes mellitus. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988; 45(1): 64-8.

Quatraro A, Consoli G, Stante A, Minei A, Ceriello A, Passariello N, Giugliano D. Impaired insulin secretion in human diabetes mellitus. Effect of pharmacological activation of gamma-aminobutyric acid system. Acta Diabetol Lat  1986; 23(1): 23-8. (Medline abstract) 

Reddy S, Nobler MS. Dangerous hyperglycemia associated with electroconvulsive therapy. Convuls Ther 1996; 12(2): 99-103.

Rodin G, Olmsted MP, Rydall AC, Maharaj SI, Colton PA, Jones JM, Biancucci LA, Daneman D. Eating disorders in young women with type 1 diabetes mellitus. J Psychosom Res 2002; 53(4): 943-9.

Roose SP, Dalack GW. Treating the depressed patient with cardiovascular problems. J Clin Psychiatry 1992; 53: 25-31.

Rowland DL, Myers L, Culver A, Davidson JM. Bupropion and sexual function: a placebo-controlled prospective study on diabetic men with erectile dysfunction. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1997; 17(5): 350-7.

Roy Chengappa KN, Levine J, Rathore D, Parepally H, Atzert R. Long-term effects of topiramate on bipolar mood instability, weight change and glycemic control: a case-series. Eur Psychiatry 2001; 16(3): 186-90.

Ruzickova M, Slaney C, Garnham J, Alda M. Clinical features of bipolar disorder with and without comorbid diabetes mellitus. Can J Psychiatry 2003; 48(7): 458-61.

Ryan MC, Collins P, Thakore JH. Impaired fasting glucose tolerance in first-episode, drug-naive patients with schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2003; 160(2): 284-9.

Schiavi RC, Stimmel BB, Mandeli J, Rayfield EJ. Diabetes, sleep disorders, and male sexual function. Biol Psychiatry 1993; 34: 171-177.

Schiavi RC, Stimmel BB, Mandeli J, Schreiner-Engel P, Ghizzani A. Diabetes, psychological function and male sexuality. J Psychosom Res 1995; 39: 305-314.

Schreiner-Engel P, Schiavi RC, Vietorisz D, Smith H. The differential impact of diabetes type on female sexuality. J Psychosom Res 1987; 31: 23-33.

Simpson IA, Chundru KR, Davies-Hill T, Honer WG, Davies P. Decreased concentrations of GLUT1 and GLUT3 glucose transporters in the brains of patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Ann Neurol 1994; 35: 511–512.

Sindrup SH, Gram LF, Brosen K, Eshoj O, Mogensen EF. The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor paroxetine is effective in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy symptoms. Pain 1990; 42(2): 135-44.

Sneed KB, Gonzalez EC. Type 2 diabetes mellitus induced by an atypical antipsychotic medication. J Am Board Fam Pract 2003; 16: 251-254.

Steed L, Cooke D, Newman S. A systematic review of psychosocial outcomes following education, self-management and psychological interventions in diabetes mellitus. Patient Educ Couns 2003; 51(1): 5-15. (Medline abstract)

Subramaniam M, Chong SA, Pek E. Diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in patients with schizophrenia. Can J Psychiatry 2003; 48(5): 345-7.

Szydlo D, van Wattum PJ, Woolston J. Psychological aspects of diabetes mellitus. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2003; 12(3): 439-58.

Thomas AM, LoPiccolo J. Sexual functioning in persons with diabetes: issues in research, treatment, and education. Clin Psychol Rev 1994; 14: 61-86.

Torres R, Leroy E, Hu X, Katrivanou A, Gourzis P, Papachatzopoulou A, Athanassiadou A, Beratis S, Collier D, Polymeropoulos MH. Mutation screening of the Wolfram syndrome gene in psychiatric patients. Mol Psychiatry. 2001; 6: 9-43.

Trenque T, Hoizey G, Lamiable D. Serious hypoglycemia: munchausen’s syndrome? Diabetes Care 2001; 24: 111.

Turkat ID. Glycosylated hemoglobin levels in anxious and nonanxious diabetic patients. Psychosomatics 1982; 23: 1056– 8.

van der Velde CD, Gordon MW. Manic-depressive illness, diabetes mellitus, and lithium carbonate. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1969; 21: 478– 85.

Vestergaard P, Schou M. Does long-term lithium treatment induce diabetes mellitus? Neuropsychobiology 1987; 17(3): 130-2.

Viner RM, Christie D, Taylor V, Hey S. Motivational/solution-focused intervention improves HbA1c in adolescents with Type 1 diabetes: a pilot study. Diabet Med 2003; 20(9): 739-42.

Waziri R, Nelson J. Lithium in diabetes mellitus: a paradoxical response. J Clin Psychiatry 1978; 39(7): 623-5.

Weber B, Schweiger U, Deuschle M, Heuser I. Major depression and impaired glucose tolerance. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2000; 108(3): 187-90.

WHO, 2003. Diabetes: the cost of diabetes. http://www.who.int/entity/mediacentre/factsheets/en Accessed   on 12.03.2004.

Wilkinson DG. Psychiatric aspects of diabetes mellitus. Br J Psychiatry 1981; 138: 1-9.

Wilson DR, D’Souza L, Sarkar N, Newton M, Hammond C. New onset diabetes and ketoacidosis with atypical antipsychotics. Schiz Res 2003; 59(1); 1-6.

Wilson DR, Hammond C, D’Souza L, Sarkar N. Glucose intolerance with atypical antipsychotics. Schizophr Res 2001; 49: 290.

Winokur A, Maislin G, Phillips JL, Amsterdam JD. Insulin resistance after oral glucose tolerance testing in patients with major depression. Am J Psychiatry 1988; 145: 325–330.

Yirmiya R. Endotoxin produces a depressive-like episode in rats. Brain Res 1996; 711: 163–174.

Zoler ML. Antipsychotics linked to weight gain, diabetes. Clin Psychiatr News 1999; 27: 20.